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@#<b>Objective</b> To study whether the disinfection methods for thermoluminescence dosimeters used by major hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on monitoring personal dose of external irradiation, and to screen for the disinfection procedures suitable for use during the pandemic. <b>Methods</b> Hospitals with fever clinics during the epidemic in Shandong Province were selected from March to October 2020, we investigated the disinfection methods as well as the types and frequency of use of disinfection supplies used for thermoluminescence dosimeters during the pandemic in hospitals. Simulations were performed in experimental and control groups. <b>Results</b> The average doses measured by the disc dosimeter with different disinfection methods and the control group were 0.92-0.99 mSv and 0.98 mSv, respectively, and the deviation was ≤ 6%. The average doses measured by the glass tube dosimeter with different disinfection methods and the control group were 0.20-0.22 and 0.21, respectively, and the deviation was ≤ 5%. <b>Conclusion</b> The results showed that the commonly used disinfection methods had no influence on personal dose monitoring, but some disinfection measures were not suitable for dosimeters.
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Objective To investigate the dose of radiation in children under going X-ray-guided air enema reduction, and to provide a basis for reducing the risk of radiation injury in pediatric patients. Methods Data were collected from children with intussusception who were treated with air enema. The experimental conditions of high, medium, and low doses of three age groups were analyzed. Phantoms were used to simulate the operation, and the radiation dose was measured using a thermoluminescence system. Results In children with intussusception, the success rate of air enema under the guidance of X-ray was 88% (including secondary intussusception), with anearly re-intussusception rate of 8%. The effective dose of treatment ranged from 0.57 to 12.33 mSv, and the tissues and organs with high absorbed dose were mainly in the chest and abdomen. Conclusion Children in different groups are exposed to significantly differentand relatively high doses. The operators are recommended to use ultrasonic guidance. With X-ray guidance, the exposure time should be minimized and protective equipment for children should be used.
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Objective To discuss 7Be and a 77.2 keV full-energy peak with short half-life found in the water sample from the 3D water phantom of a proton therapy system. Methods We measured the water sample from the 3D water phantom of a proton therapy system according to Determination of Radionuclides in Water by Gamma Spectrometry (GB/T 16140—2018). Results The activity concentration of 7Be in the water sample was 1.30 × 101 Bq·L−1 on December 24, 2018; 4.3 × 101 Bq·L−1 on March 22, 2019; and 1.41 × 101 Bq·L−1 at the time of sampling on December 19, 2018. On December 24, 2018, the net peak area of the 77.2 keV full-energy peak in the sample was 683 ± 45, and the measurement time was 26123.02 s; on March 22, 2019, the net peak area decreased to the background level of 194 ± 49, and the measurement time was 86400.00 s. Conclusion In the 3D water phantom of the proton therapy system, 7Be can be generated from the spallation reaction between high-energy neutrons and oxygen in water. In addition, we find a full-energy peak at 77.2 keV with short half-life. The activity concentration of 7Be in the water sample is lower than the exemption level, but the activity concentration at sampling may not be the maximum activity concentration in the process of quality control. The inductive radionuclide 7Be produced in the 3D water phantom should be identified and properly evaluated in the assessment of occupational radiation hazards of proton therapy system.
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Objective:To understand the 131I activity in thyroid of therapy workers in nuclear medicine department, and estimate the annual committed effective dose, in order to analyze the internal exposure of them. Methods:Six hospitals were investigated and 131I activity of thyroid was measured. The detection rate and activity value of thyroid 131I activity of therapy workers in nuclear medicine department were obtained from the six hospitals, and then the intake and annual committed effective dose were calculated. Results:A total of 63 iodine therapy workers from six hospitals were measured and 131I was detected for 52 workers among them, with the detection rate of 83% and 131I activities mostly lower than 200 Bq. The estimated annual committed effective dose ranged from 0.23 to 7.78 mSv. The annual committed effective dose to 84.6% of the workers was less than 2 mSv. Conclusions:Iodine therapy workers in nuclear medicine department should receive routine internal exposure personal monitoring, and the radiation protection system in all hospitals needs to be further improved.
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Objective:To investigate 131I activity in thyroid of workers at the place of radioiodine therapy and its main influencing factors. Methods:In terms of the types of hospitals, six hospitals that performed radioiodine therapy procedure were selected by quota sampling in the provinces of Shandong and Shanxi. 131I activity in thyroids of 76 workers at the place of radioiodine therapy was measured directly, and their internal doses were estimated. Results:131I activity in thyroids was found to be above the detection limit for 29 subjects (38.16%) in five hospitals. The maximum value of 131I activity was 2 468.45 Bq for a doctor who was responsible for manual distribution of radioisotopes. In general 131I activities in thyroid of workers at the place of radioiodine therapy of six hospitals were not significantly different ( P>0.05). But the measurement result in the hospitals where radioiodine was distributed manually were significantly higher than that in the hospitals where radioiodine was distributed automatically ( Z=1.75, P<0.01). Thyroid measurement result of 12 workers in two hospitals where radioiodine was distributed manually were all above the detection limit, with medians of 324.59 Bq and 331.98 Bq, respectively. The medians of 131I activities in thyroid of 12 staff in the remaining 4 hospitals were all below the detection limit. The detection frequencies of 131I above dose limit were 32.61%, 25.00%, 10.00% and 0. The measurement result for the doctors who participated in distributing 131I and the relevent cleaners were significantly higher than for the doctors who did not participate in distributing 131I at the same hospital ( Z=2.44, 2.12, P<0.05). Conclusions:There was a significant difference in the internal exposure level among workers at the different places of radioiodine therapy. Using automatic loading device could reduce the internal exposure level of the workers at the place of radioiodine therapy. It is necessary to strengthen the radiological protection for workers at the control area of the place of radioiodine therapy.
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@#<b>Objective</b> To explore the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the frequency of chest CT scan. <b>Methods</b> A retrospective study was conducted to extract information on the number of outpatient, emergency, and inpatient visits and patients who had chest CT imaging examination from January 1 to December 31, 2020 and in the same period in 2019 through the hospital’s medical data platform for analysis, and the chi-square test was used to analyze whether the difference in the proportion of patients who had chest CT imaging examination between 2019 and 2020 was statistically significant. <b>Results</b> The proportion of outpatients and emergency patients with chest CT examination was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2019 (2.48% <i>vs</i> 1.47%, <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> = 581.7, <i>P</i> < 0.000). The proportion of inpatients who underwent chest CT examination was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2019 (35.47% <i>vs</i> 28.01%, <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> = 182.0, <i>P</i> < 0.000). <b>Conclusion</b> Under the COVID-19 epidemic, the proportion of chest CT examination in this hospital in 2020 shows a significant upward trend compared with the same period in 2019, which will increase the collective dose due to medical exposure, and the hospital should pay attention to the determination of the legitimacy of chest CT scan.
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Objective:To investigate the clinical effectiveness of vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in the elderly aged 90 years and over.Methods:Clinical data of 64 elderly patients aged 90 years and over who had undergone percutaneous vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures between January 2015 and January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.Changes in preoperative and postoperative pain, intraoperative bone cement leakage, postoperative pneumonia, bedsores, urinary tract infections, lower extremity venous thrombosis and changes in preoperative and postoperative physical mobility were evaluated.Pain scores, physical mobility scores, bone cement extravasation and complications such as re-fractures of the vertebral body, postoperative pneumonia, bedsores, urinary tract infections and thrombosis were recorded before surgery, 3 and 30 days after surgery.Results:The visual analogue scale(VAS)scores of 64 patients before surgery, 3 and 30 days after the procedure were 8.34±1.12, 2.17±1.45 and 1.83±1.15, retrospectively( F=540.876, P<0.01). The physical mobility scores before surgery, 3 and 30 days after the procedure were 2.83±0.94, 1.59±0.70 and 1.39±0.60, retrospectively( F=65.492, P<0.01). There were 18 cases(28.13%)of bone cement leakage during surgery, 4 cases(6.25%)of pneumonia within 30 days after surgery, 9 cases(14.06%)of urinary tract infections, 3 cases(4.69%)of lower extremity venous thrombosis, 1 case(1.56%)of bedsores, and 2 cases(3.13%)of vertebral re-fractures after surgery.No patient died during the 30-day follow-up. Conclusions:Percutaneous vertebroplasty can reduce pain and improve physical mobility and is an effective and safe minimally invasive treatment for elderly patients with spinal compression fractures aged 90 years and over.
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Objective By measuring the induced radioactivity of the medical electron linear accelerator, and analyzing the measuring results and the measuring process, the cooling law of the induced radioactivity was studied, to provide basic data for evaluating additional doses to patients, medical staff and the public. Methods Five Medical Electron Linear accelerators were used to measure the induced radioactivity by using automes-6150AD6/H+6150AD-b/H x-γ radiation peripheral dose equivalent rate meter for environmental monitoring. Results The level of induced radioactivity of 5 medical electron linear accelerators is related to the factors such as measuring position and time: 10 second after the end of beam output, the maximum dose equivalent rate is 5.55 μSv/h around 5 cm on the surface of the head housing of the accelerator, and the maximum ambient dose equivalent rate at 1 m from the fixed point of the housing is 4.07 μSv/h, 5 minutes after the end of output, the maximum dose equivalent rate is 2.11 μSv/h around the 5 cm surface and 1.77 μSv/h around the 1 m fixed point. Conclusion The measured radioactivity induced by the medical electron linear accelerator gradually cools over time, the measurement valuesare maintained in a relatively fixed range, and the fluctuation range of the values is narrow.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effects of topical administration of cyclosporine A (CsA) on salivary secretion and inflammation of the submandibular glands in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.@*METHODS@#Female NOD mice, 21 aged 14 weeks and 18 aged 21 weeks were selected and randomly divided into low-dose group, high-dose group and control group on average. CsA was injected into submandibular glands. One week later the saliva stimulated by pilocarpine was collected and measured. The submandibular glands were collected to make paraffin sections. The lymphocyte infiltration in submandi-bular gland was observed by microscope after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The number of lymphocyte infiltration foci was counted to calculate the focus sore and the ratio of lymphocyte infiltration area to total gland area was figured up by Leica image analysis system. The expressions of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-13, IL-17F, IL22 and IL-23a in the submandibular glands of the NOD mice were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell apoptosis in the submandibular gland was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The levels of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspertate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer to evaluate liver and kidney functions.@*RESULTS@#After topical injection of CsA in the submandibular gland, the stimulated salivary flow rate of the 14- and 21-week-old NOD mice significantly increased compared with the control group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), and the number and area of lymphocyte infiltration foci in the 14-week-old NOD mice low-dose group significantly decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Low and high dose of CsA had similar effects on reducing inflammation and improving salivary secretion. The overall level of inflammatory cytokines in the submandibular gland did not decrease significantly. The number of cell apoptosis of submandibular gland in the NOD mice treated with CsA decreased compared with the control group, but there was no statistically significant difference. Topical injection of CsA had no adverse effect on liver and kidney function in the NOD mice.@*CONCLUSION@#Topical injection of CsA can reduce lymphocyte infiltration in submandibular gland of NOD mice and improve salivary secretion.
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Animals , Female , Mice , Cyclosporine , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Inflammation , Mice, Inbred NOD , Saliva , Sjogren's Syndrome , Submandibular GlandABSTRACT
Objective:To understand the activity concentration of 131I aerosol in the air of the iodine treatment workplace and estimate the internal dose of 131I inhaled by medical staff in nuclear medicine. Methods:Using CF-1001BRL portable large capacity air sampler, the 131I aerosol in the iodine treatment workplace of nuclear medicine department of 6 hospitals in Shandong province was collected by iodine box, and the HPGe-γ energy spectrometer was used to measure the samples. The 131I activity concentration in iodine treatment workplace at 6 hospitals was obtained, and the internal dose to medical staff was estimated. Results:The 131I activity concentration in the air in iodine treatment workplaces at 6 hospitals ranged from 3.64 to 2.94×10 3 Bq/m 3. The 131I activity concentration in the controlled area (ward, patient passageway, subpacking room, operation administration room) was significantly higher than that in the supervised area. The highest 131I activity concentration, 2.62×10 2 Bq/m 3, in the supervised area was found in the medical care passageway. The estimated effective dose to nuclear medicine workers was 0.07-5.68 mSv, not exceeding the national limit. Conclusions:The phenomenon of 131I aerosol contamination still exists in the iodine treatment workplaces of nuclear medicine departments in hospitals, so it is necessary to carry out internal radiation monitoring for nuclear medicine departments all around the country, and explore more reasonable protection standards and methods.
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Objective@#To estimate the doses to patients from ERCP operation through experimental measurements.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was made of 56 ERCP operations in three hospitals, and meanwhile, the tube voltage and current, fluoroscopy time, accumulated doses, DAPs (dose-area product) and photographic frames were also recorded for statistical analysis. Three cases of RECP operation that had led to high, medium and low DAP values were selected, respectively, as high, medium and low dose groups based on anthropomorphic phatom (AP). ERCP operation was simulated on AP on the basis of putting TLDs in it. The absorbed doses of organs were measured while effective doses while calculated.@*Results@#The effective doses for high, medium and low groups were 2.69, 11.52 and 39.27 mSv, respectively. The effective dose was 14 times higher in high dose group than that in low group. The highest organ doses for three groups were all concentrated in the irradiation fields.@*Conclusions@#Organ doses from ERCP phantom experiments vary largely in different groups. Compared with phantom experiments of other interventional types, ERCP can be regarded as one of interventional means leading to high-dose. It is advisable to reasonably and safely use intervention diagnosis and therapy and in order optimize radiation doses to patients.
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Objective:To compare the short and medium-term effects of arthroscopic surgery versus intra-articular injections for rotator cuff tears with concomitant shoulder stiffness in elderly patients.Methods:We performed a retrospectively study that included 116 patients with rotator cuff tears combined with shoulder stiffness between January 2015 and June 2017, with 56 patients receiving arthroscopic surgery (the surgery group)and 60 patients given intra-articular injections (the control group). The visual analogue scale (VAS)score, range of motion (ROM), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES)score, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)score were recorded before treatment and 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment.Results:Compared with pre-treatment, VAS scores were lower and ROM, ASES and UCLA scores were higher in both groups after treatment ( P<0.05). At 3 months after treatment, VAS scores were higher and ASES and UCLA scores were lower in the surgery group than in the control group ( P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in ROM between the two groups ( P>0.05). At 6 and 12 months after treatment, VAS scores were lower, ROM was larger, and ASES and UCLA scores were higher in the surgery group than in the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:In patients with rotator cuff tears combined with shoulder stiffness, both arthroscopic surgery and intra-articular injections can alleviate pain and improve ROM and shoulder joint function.After 6 months of treatment, greater improvement is achieved in patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery than in patients receiving intra-articular injections.
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Objective To estimate the doses to patients from ERCP operation through experimental measurements.Methods A retrospective analysis was made of 56 ERCP operations in three hospitals,and meanwhile,the tube voltage and current,fluoroscopy time,accumulated doses,DAPs (dose-area product) and photographic frames were also recorded for statistical analysis.Three cases of RECP operation that had led to high,medium and low DAP values were selected,respectively,as high,medium and low dose groups based on anthropomorphic phatom (AP).ERCP operation was simulated on AP on the basis of putting TLDs in it.The absorbed doses of organs were measured while effective doses while calculated.Results The effective doses for high,medium and low groups were 2.69,11.52 and 39.27 mSv,respectively.The effective dose was 14 times higher in high dose group than that in low group.The highest organ doses for three groups were all concentrated in the irradiation fields.Conclusions Organ doses from ERCP phantom experiments vary largely in different groups.Compared with phantom experiments of other interventional types,ERCP can be regarded as one of interventional means leading to high-dose.It is advisable to reasonably and safely use intervention diagnosis and therapy and in order optimize radiation doses to patients.
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Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of X-ray diagnostic imaging in Shandong province,and to estimate the application frequency of X-ray diagnostic imaging in the province,and provide data support for X-ray equipment.Methods A random sampliug method was used to extract 32 medical institutions as respondents from 10 prefecture-level cities in Shandong province.The basic information of medical institutions and the age,sex,examination and procedure of the subjects were analyzed.The distribution of the X-ray application was analyzed and estimated by using a multiple linear regression model.Results Totally 14 694 085 subjects were surveyed,and the proportion of male and female in the sample was not completely uniform.A total of 2 099 155 X-ray diagnostic information was collected in 2016,and the frequency of conventional radiography was the highest,accounting for 59.49％.The next was CT examination,accounting for 28.34％.The frequency of the two examinations showed an increasing trend with the age of subjects.For the total frequency of conventional diagnostic radiography and CT examination,the tertiary hospitals accounted for the highest proportion of the total,up to 52.13％,while the secondary hospitals accounted for the relatively low proportion of 30.09％,and the primary hospitals the lowest with 17.77％.The chest radiography had the highest proportion in conventional radiography accounting for 32.79％ of the total frequency of X-ray diagnostic imaging,and the head procedure had the highest proportion in CT examination,accounting for 10.07％ of the total frequency of X-ray diagnostic imaging.The fluoroscopy,mammography and dental radiography were mainly concentrated in the tertiary hospitals,and the primary hospitals had mainly radiography.Multiple linear regression models showed that the frequency of application of conventional X-ray diagnostic imaging (including radiography,fluoroscopy,dental radiography and mammography) was positively correlated with equipment quantity,number of outpatient and emergency patients,and tertiary hospitals (t=4.334,3.615,2.339,P＜ 0.05).CT examination was positively correlated with equipment quantity and the number of inpatient (t =2.167,2.595,P＜0.05).The frequency of conventional X-ray diagnostic imaging and CT examination in Shandong province were estimated about 491.17 examinations per 1 000 population and 258.17 examinations per 1 000 population respectively.Conclusions The frequency of X-ray exposure in Shandong province increased significantly compared with that during the " 9th Five-Year Plan" period.All relevant departments should take effective measures to strengthen medical radiation protection and reduce radiation risk.
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Objective@#To explore the status of adolescents’ health risk behaviors, relationship between cognitive ability and health risk behaviors, and provide an empirical reference for reducing the occurrence and early prevention of health risk behaviors among adolescents.@*Methods@#Samples were extracted by hierarchical, multi-stage, probability and scale proportional (PPS) methods. There were 112 schools randomly selected from 28 county-level regions(county, district, city), and 19 487 students were investigated by baseline survey, a follow-up study was conducted among 8 636 students during 2014-2015. Descriptive statistical methods of using 2 test and t test, and logistic multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship between cognitive abilities and healthy risk behaviors.@*Results@#The reported rate of a healthy risk behavior was 20.77%, and the incidence of more than one type of health risk behavior was 16.03%. The student’s cognitive ability standardized score was(0.33±0.82). The average score of cognitive ability of adolescents with healthy risk behavior was 0.14, which was lower than the average score of cognitive ability of adolescents without healthy risk behaviors(0.43). Boys, having rural household registeration, non-residential schools, and parents with low education levels adolescents were more likely to be involved in health behavior risks. There was a significant correlation between adolescent cognitive ability and healthy risk behavior(OR=0.67, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#The current status of adolescent health risk behaviors is worrying. The cognitive ability has a significant impact on health risk behaviors. It is recommended to use the cognitive ability of adolescents as a starting point to prevent and reduce the occurrence of adolescent health risk behaviors.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), including M1-M5 subtypes, are classic receptors in regulating water, ion, and solute transport in salivary gland. Our work focuses on the studies on the expression pattern and function of mAChR in the submandibular gland (SMG), and the underlying mechanism involved in the mAChR-regulated secretion, together with the effect of parasympathectomy on the salivary secretion. Microvascular autotransplantation of SMG into the temporal fossa provides a continuous and endogenous source of fluids, and is currently an effective method for treating severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. By using RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence, our data demonstrated that the expression of M1 and M3 subtypes were decreased in latent period in rabbit SMG autotransplantation model, whereas carbachol stimulation promoted the salivary secretion, as well as M1 and M3 expressions. By contrast, mAChRs were hypersensitive in epiphora SMGs, whereas atropine gel and botulinum toxin A application significantly inhibited the hypersecretion in both animal models and patients. Furthermore, the possible intracellular signal molecules involved in the mAChR-modulated salivary secretion were explored. Activation of mAChR upregulated the expression of aquaporin 5 (AQP5), the main transporter that mediated water secretion through transcellular pathway, and led to AQP5 trafficking from lipid rafts to non-lipid microdomain. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was involved in the mAChR-regulated AQP5 content. mAChR activation also modulated the expression, distribution, and function of tight junction proteins, and increased paracellular permeability. ERK1/2/β-arrestin2/clathrin/ubiquitin signaling pathway was responsible for the mAChR-regulated downregulation of tight junction molecule claudin-4. Cytoskeleton filamentous actin (F-actin) was also involved in the distribution and barrier function of epithelial tight junctions. Besides, endothelial tight junctions were opened by mAChR agonist-evoked salivation in the mice. Furthermore, parasympathetic denervation increased resting salivary secretion in the long terminrats and minipigs. Taken together, our work demonstrated that mAChR regulated saliva secretion via transcellular and paracellular pathways in SMG epithelium as well as tight junction opening in SMG endothelium. Modulation of mAChR might be a promising strategy to ameliorate SMG dysfunction.
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Animals , Humans , Mice , Rabbits , Aquaporin 5 , Carbachol , Receptors, Muscarinic , Salivation , Submandibular GlandABSTRACT
Objective To study the method of measuring the position accuracy and the step distance accuracy of afterloading system with192Ir source by using flushing-free film.Methods The position accuracy and the step distance accuracy of a China-made afterloading system with192Ir source was measured by using GAFCHROMIC (R) EBT3 flushing-free film.The film was scanned to proper image format,required by dose analysis software,by EPSON PREFACTION V700 PHOTO scanner.Then images are analyzed by using film dose analysis software in SNC Patient 5.2.Results With focus on the center of active section of source,the position accuracy of this afterloading system with192Ir source was-0.75 mm.Using film analysis could make the step point to tell apart if the step distance was 5 mm away by the method of film analysis,but couldnot make it to tell apart if the step distance was 2.5 mm away.The 2.5 mm step distance accuracy could be judged if the distance between the 1 st point and the 3rd point was 5 mm,then the 2.5 mm step distance could be deemed to no deviation.The 5 mm step distance of this afterloading system had no deviation in continuous 9 step points measured by flushing-free film.The indirect measuring results of the 2.5 mm step distance had no deviation as well.The position accuracy of this afterloading system measured with the flushing-free film accorded with the national standards.Conclusions The method of measuring the position accuracy and the step distance accuracy of the afterloading system with192Ir source by using flushing-free film is technically feasible.
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OBJECTIVES: In recent years, a number of structurally diverse Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been identified and these HDAC inhibitors induce growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed at investigating the anti-tumor activity of newly synthesized HDAC inhibitor, 3-(4-dimethylamino phenyl)-N-hydroxy-2-propenamide (IN-2001) using human breast cancer cells. METHODS: We have synthesized a new HDAC inhibitor, IN-2001, and cell proliferation inhibition assay with this chemical in estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Cell cycle analysis on MCF-7 cells treated with IN-2001 was carried out by flow cytometry and gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS: In MCF-7 cells IN-2001 showed remarkable anti-proliferative effects in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In MCF-7 cells, IN-2001 showed a more potent growth inhibitory effect than that of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. These growth inhibitory effects were related to the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. IN-2001 showed accumulation of cells at G2/M phase and of the sub-G1 population in a time-dependent manner, representing apoptotic cells. IN-2001-mediated cell cycle arrest was associated with HDAC inhibitor-mediated induction of CDK inhibitor expression. In MCF-7 cells, IN-2001 significantly increased p21WAF1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) induced growth inhibition, possibly through modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins, such as CDK inhibitors, and cyclins. Taken together, these results provide an insight into the utility of HDAC inhibitors as a novel chemotherapeutic regime for hormone-sensitive and insensitive breast cancer.
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Humans , Amides , Apoptosis , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins , Breast , Breast Neoplasms , Cell Cycle , Cell Cycle Checkpoints , Cell Proliferation , Cyclins , Estrogens , Flow Cytometry , Gene Expression , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors , Histone Deacetylases , Hydroxamic Acids , MCF-7 Cells , Phosphotransferases , PropaneABSTRACT
Medical students should study and enlarge their medical terminology from their medical English courses as well as bilingual courses. This ability is a key part in the cultivation of high-levelled medical talents.However,medical words are special from general English in three parts:long,great in numbers and difficult to read.These characteristics leave the medical students in a hard situation in their promotion of medical terminology.If the students are provided and guided with a convenient and efficient software based on modem education technology,they can achieve much better results.The audio medical English terminology corpus can help the medical students achieve their goal in promotion of medical termi-nology.
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Objective To study and estimate the effective dose of interventional employees in the common cerebralvascular, cardiovascular and liver interventional diagnosis and treatment.Methods The absorbed doses of tissue or organ of anthropomorphic phantom in these three procedures were estimated by the anthropomorphic phantom experiment.The effective doses were calculated by the tissue weight factor which was given by International Commission on Radiological Protection publication 103.Results The effective doses to high, medium and low group were 24.0, 9.7,6.8 μSv for cerebralvascular interventional diagnosis and treatment, and 36.3, 29.3, 17.8 μSv for cardiovascular interventional diagnosis and treatment, and 23.9, 11.3, 5.5 μ Sv for liver interventional diagnosis and treatment, respectively.Conclusions The effective doses of high, medium and low group of interventional employees in cardiovascular interventional procedure are higher than those of cerebralvascular and liver interventional procedures.